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Bleeding disorders encompass a wide range of conditions that affect the blood’s ability to clot properly. For junior doctors in the...

Introduction Porphyria is a group of rare metabolic disorders that result from defects in the heme biosynthesis pathway. The clinical...

Introduction: Hyperkalaemia, defined as a serum potassium level above 5.5 mmol/L, can be life-threatening if not promptly recognized and...

Chronic renal failure, also known as chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a progressive condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney...

Introduction Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common cause of hospital presentations, particularly in women, the elderly, and...

Introduction Thyrotoxic crisis, or thyroid storm, is a rare but life-threatening complication of hyperthyroidism. It’s characterized by...

·     Introduction An Addisonian crisis, also known as an acute adrenal insufficiency, is a life-threatening emergency that results from...

Hypoglycaemia is a common medical emergency that can present in various ways, from mild symptoms like sweating and shakiness to severe...

Seizures and status epilepticus are common emergencies that junior doctors will encounter. A well-structured approach to history-taking,...

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is a crucial topic in emergency medicine due to its potential as a warning sign for a future stroke. As...

Acute generalized weakness is a common and potentially serious presenting symptom in the emergency department. As a junior doctor, it’s...

Introduction Collapse and syncope are common presentations in the emergency department (ED), often causing anxiety for both patients and...

Introduction Encountering an unconscious patient can be one of the most challenging situations in emergency medicine. As a junior doctor,...

Introduction Dementia is a common but complex condition that involves a progressive decline in cognitive function, affecting memory,...

Introduction Acute confusional state, also known as delirium, is a sudden and severe disturbance in mental status that can be...

Introduction Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a medical emergency that requires rapid recognition and management. As a junior doctor,...

Introduction Headaches are a common presenting complaint in emergency medicine, yet they can signal a range of conditions from benign...

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is a common yet complex emergency that can present in various ways, from minor rectal bleeding to...

Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Guide for Junior Doctors Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a critical condition that demands...

Pulmonary embolism (PE) can be a daunting diagnosis, but with a systematic approach, it becomes more manageable. As a junior doctor,...